1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a) is a non-toxic, non-burning, and environmentally friendly chemical compound commonly used as a propellant in inhalation therapy and as a substitute for ozone-depleting substances in various applications. It is valued for its safety and minimal environmental impact, with the trade-off being a relatively low but non-zero contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is insoluble in water (67 mg/L at 25°C) but is soluble in ether.

Environmental friendly refrigerants

Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) is the most widely used low or moderate-temperature refrigerant. Owing to the excellent overall performance of the tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), it has become a very effective and safe substitute for CFC-12 products. It is mainly applied to various areas taking advantage of R-12 (R12, Freon 12, F-12, CFC-12, Freon 12, dichlorodifluoromethane) refrigerant including: refrigerators, freezers, water dispensers, auto air conditioning, central air conditioning, dehumidifiers, cold storage, commercial refrigeration, ice machines, ice cream machine, refrigeration condensing units and other refrigeration equipment. It can also be applied to fields of aerosol propellants, medical aerosols, pesticides propellant, polymer (plastic) physical foaming agent, and protection gas of magnesium alloy. While tetrafluoroethane refrigerant (R-134a) is the most popular choice as alternative of the feron R12 for being applied to the newly installed refrigeration equipment, owing to that R134a is different from R12 in physical and chemical properties, theoretical cycle performance as well as the applied compressor oil, for the after-sales repair of the refrigerated equipment with initial installation of R12 refrigerant refrigeration equipment repairs, if you need to add or replace the refrigerant, you have no choice but still add R12. Usually people can‘t directly apply tetrafluoroethane refrigerant (R-134a) to replace R12 (That is usually called “no cataclysmic replacement”).

Synthetic route

Synthetic route of the raw material of 1, 1, 1, 2-tetfluoroethane: it has been reported of as much as several dozens of major synthetic routes. Among them, the major synthetic route is shown as the figure. For various synthetic routes, considering comprehensively of the sources of raw materials, production processes and waste treatment and other factors, only two routes of raw materials, trichlorethylene and tetrachlorethylene have practical value of industrial production. In the actual industrial production, trichlorethylene raw material routes, due to its simple reaction step and small amounts of by-products, is preferentially recommended. Trichlorethylene route, the main production process are liquid, gas and gas-liquid method. Take trichlorethylene (TCE) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) as raw materials, upon the action of catalyst, perform addition and substitution reaction in the first step to generate 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane (HCFC-133a ); then, at higher temperatures, perform the second step to generate 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a). The reaction equation is as follows: The advantage of liquid Freon is following the traditional production methods with simple production process and relatively mature technology. In 1982, DuPont ha applied liquid fluorination for the manufacturing of HFC-134a. However, at high temperature, due to the emergent corrosion of the equipment and the difficulty in conducting continuous production, this method is still in the stage of small-range laboratory test. Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Research has applied Cl (CF2CF2) 4OCF2SO2F (perfluoroalkoxy sulfonyl fluoride) as a catalyst and have reaction in the KF solution at the pressure of 230e and 12.5MPa for 2h to give HC-134a with the yield being 88%. The reaction equation is: CF3CH2Cl + KF---CF3CH2F + KCl, compared with the DuPont method, the CAS Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry had achieved lower reaction temperature so that corrosion and byproducts have been effectively controlled, making it possible to conduct the continuous production. However, it is still difficult to achieve industrial production using this method in short term.

Gas - liquid phase and gas-phase synthesis of tetra-fluoroethane

The advantage of gas-Liquid method is that at the first-step reaction, it can almost take advantage of all the equipment and technology, liquid-phase washing, alkaline washing and drying processes for the original production of Freon products. This can effectively reduce the energy consumption. This process, for the old plant of the original production of CFCs, it is a doable route. However, the second step is equilibrium reaction with low gas one-way conversion rate and short duration life of the catalyst and other shortcomings. Therefore, this step restricts the vapor-liquid phase process for being applied to process route for large-scale production. Gas phase method applies trichlorethylene (TCE) and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) for reaction in the action of a chromium-containing catalyst. The first step of addition and substitution reactions generates HCFC-133a, and then it is further reacted with HF in the presence of chromium-based catalyst to generate the finished product, tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) at a temperature of 350~380 ℃. The second-stage reaction of gas-phase method is relative difficult with the conversion rate being generally only about 20%. Therefore, in the industrial production, people mostly adopts continuous cycle method to have the large amount of raw materials be recycled to reduce the toxic and hazardous intermediate products as well as improve the overall yield. Gas-phase method has a lot of advantages including easily controllable reaction process, small amount of waste pollution and easily being applied for large-scale continuous production. Currently gas-phase method has gradually replaced liquid-phase method and gas phase-liquid phase method to become the mainstream of the world's production of tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a).

Precautions for manipulation

Technical measures: it should be manipulated in a well-ventilated place. Upon high pressure condition, make sure that the internal pressure of the reaction apparatus does not exceed the cylinder pressure. For safety purpose, the gas flow path should be installed with a check valve. Do not remove the check valve before running out of the content. Wear protective equipment when handling. Wash hands and face thoroughly after handling. Handling Precautions: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Storage conditions: Avoid the sunshine. Store it in a well-ventilated place. Do not expose it to environment above 40 ℃. Locked up the place where it is stored. Store it away from incompatible materials such as oxidants.

Uses

It can be used as the refrigerant in fridge and refrigerator and automotive air conditioning as well as the aerosol propellant of medicine and cosmetics. It can be used as animal-used antibiotic with stable quality. It is not easy to produce drug resistance and cross-resistance and has a high antibacterial activity in vivo. It is mainly applied to the treatment of E. coli disease in livestock and poultry, cholera, dysentery, chronic respiratory infections and other diseases.

Chemical Properties

colourless gas or cryogenic liquid with an ether-like odour

Production Methods

Tetrafluoroethane can be prepared by several different routes; however, the following routes of preparation illustrate the methods used: Isomerization/hydrofluorination of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113) to 1,1-dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114a), followed by hydrodechlorination of the latter. Hydrofluorination of trichloroethylene, via 1-chloro-1,1,1- trifluoroethane (HCFC-133a).

Air & Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is chemically inert in many situations, but can react violently with strong reducing agents such as the very active metals and the active metals. Can react with strong oxidizing agents or weaker oxidizing agents under extremes of temperature.

Health Hazard

Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

Fire Hazard

Some may burn but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

Flammability and Explosibility

Nonflammable

Pharmaceutical Applications

Tetrafluoroethane is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) or hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) aerosol propellant (contains hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon) as contrasted to a CFC (chlorine, fluorine, and carbon). The lack of chlorine in the molecule and the presence of hydrogen reduce the ozone depletion activity to practically zero. Hence tetrafluoroethane is an alternative to CFCs in the formulation of metereddose inhalers (MDIs). It has replaced CFC-12 as a refrigerant and propellant since it has essentially the same vapor pressure. Its very low Kauri-butanol value and solubility parameter indicate that it is not a good solvent for the commonly used surfactants for MDIs. Sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, oleic acid, and soya lecithin show limited solubility in tetrafluoroethane and the amount of surfactant that actually dissolves may not be sufficient to keep a drug readily dispersed. Up to 10% ethanol may be used to increase its solubility. When tetrafluoroethane (P-134a) is used for pharmaceutical aerosols and MDIs, the pharmaceutical grade must be specified. Industrial grades may not be satisfactory due to their impurity profiles.

Safety

Tetrafluoroethane is used as a refrigerant and as a non-CFC propellant in various aerosols including topical pharmaceuticals and MDIs. Tetrafluoroethane is regarded as nontoxic and nonirritating when used as directed. No acute or chronic hazard is present when exposures to the vapor are below the acceptable exposure limit (AEL) of 1000 ppm, 8-hour and 12-hour time weighed average (TWA). In this regard it has the same value as the threshold limit value (TLV) for CFC-12. Inhaling a high concentration of tetrafluoroethane vapors can be harmful and is similar to inhaling vapors of CFC-12. Intentional inhalation of vapors of tetrafluoroethane can be dangerous and may cause death. The same labeling required on CFC aerosols would be required for those containing tetrafluoroethane as a propellant (except for the EPA requirement).

Carcinogenicity

The results from three lifetime inhalation carcinogenesis studies with HFC 134a have been published. The first one involved exposure of groups of 80 male and 80 female rats to levels of ≤50,000 ppm 6 h/ day, 5 days/week for 2 years.An increase inLeydig cell tumors was seen in themale rats at 50,000 ppm(30%) compared to the air-exposed controls (12%). Likewise, therewas an increase in Leydig cell hyperplasia. No effects were seen at 10,000 ppm (370). The second study with rats involved snout-only inhalation exposures to levels of ≤50,000 ppm 1 h/day, 7 days/week for 108 weeks. The same investigators conducted a lifetime study withmice. In this study, groups of mice were exposed to snout-only levels of ≤75,000 ppm 1 h/day, 7 days/week for 104 weeks. No adverse effects were seen in either rats or mice. Since the total dose received by the rats in the high exposure level of this study was lower than in the Collins’ study, this report supports the observation that 10,000 ppm, 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 years was a NOEL. Rats were given 300 mg of HFC 134a in corn oil 5 days/ week for 52 weeks and held for a total of 125 weeks. There was no evidence for carcinogenicity.

storage

Tetrafluoroethane is a nonreactive and stable material. The liquified gas is stable when used as a propellant and should be stored in a metal cylinder in a cool dry place.

Incompatibilities

The major incompatibility of tetrafluoroethane is its lack of miscibility with water. Since it has a very low Kauri-butanol value, tetrafluoroethane is considered to be a very poor solvent for most drugs used in MDI formulations. It also shows a low solubility for some of the commonly used MDI surfactants.

Regulatory Status

Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (aerosol formulations for inhalation and nasal applications). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK.